Source code for ferenda.pdfreader

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from __future__ import unicode_literals
import os
import logging
import re
import itertools
import codecs
import tempfile
from glob import glob
from bz2 import BZ2File

from lxml import etree
from lxml.builder import ElementMaker
from six import text_type as str
# from six import binary_type as bytes
import six
from layeredconfig import LayeredConfig, Defaults

from ferenda import util, errors
from .elements import UnicodeElement
from .elements import CompoundElement
from .elements import OrdinalElement

E = ElementMaker(namespace="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml",
                 nsmap={None: "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"})


[docs]class PDFReader(CompoundElement): """Parses PDF files and makes the content available as a object hierarchy. Calling the :py:meth:`~ferenda.PDFReader.read` method returns a :py:class:`ferenda.pdfreader.PDFFile` object, which is a list of :py:class:`ferenda.pdfreader.Page` objects, which each is a list of :py:class:`ferenda.pdfreader.Textbox` objects, which each is a list of :py:class:`ferenda.pdfreader.Textelement` objects. .. note:: This class depends on the command line tool pdftohtml from `poppler <http://poppler.freedesktop.org/>`_. The class can also handle any other type of document (such as Word/OOXML/WordPerfect/RTF) that OpenOffice or LibreOffice handles by first converting it to PDF using the ``soffice`` command line tool (which then must be in your ``$PATH``). If the PDF contains only scanned pages (without any OCR information), the pages can be run through the ``tesseract`` command line tool (which, again, needs to be in your ``$PATH``). You need to provide the main language of the document as the ``ocr_lang`` parameter, and you need to have installed the tesseract language files for that language. """ ################################################################ # properties and methods relating to the initialization of the # PDFReader object def __init__(self, pages=None, filename=None, workdir=None, images=True, convert_to_pdf=False, keep_xml=True, ocr_lang=None, fontspec=None): """Initializes a PDFReader object from an existing PDF file. After initialization, the PDFReader contains a list of :py:class:`~ferenda.pdfreader.Page` objects. :param pages: Internal parameter. You should not specify this. Specify all other parameters using keywords. :param filename: The full path to the PDF file (or, if ``convert_to_pdf`` is set, any other document file) :param workdir: A directory where intermediate files (particularly background PNG files) are stored. If not provided, a temporary directory will be created and be available as the ``workdir`` property of the object. :param convert_to_pdf: If filename is any other type of document other than PDF, attempt to first convert it to PDF using the ``soffice`` command line tool (from OpenOffice/LibreOffice). :type convert_to_pdf: bool :param keep_xml: If False, remove the intermediate XML representation of the PDF that gets created in ``workdir``. If true, keep it around to speed up subsequent parsing operations. If set to the special value ``"bz2"``, keep it but compress it with :py:mod:`bz2`. :type keep_xml: bool :param ocr_lang: If provided, PDFReader will extract scanned images from the PDF file, and run an OCR program on it, using the ``ocr_lang`` language heuristics. (Note that this is not neccessarily an IETF language tag like "sv" or "en-GB", but rather whatever the underlying ``tesseract`` program uses). :param ocr_lang: str """ if pages: # special-case: The object has been initialized as a # regular list (by deserialize), we have no need to # parse and create pages. return self.log = logging.getLogger('pdfreader') self.fontspec = fontspec or {} self.filename = filename self.workdir = workdir if self.workdir is None: self.workdir = tempfile.mkdtemp() if convert_to_pdf: newfilename = workdir + os.sep + os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(filename))[0] + ".pdf" if not os.path.exists(newfilename): util.ensure_dir(newfilename) cmdline = "soffice --headless -convert-to pdf -outdir '%s' %s" % (workdir, filename) self.log.debug("%s: Converting to PDF: %s" % (filename, cmdline)) (ret, stdout, stderr) = util.runcmd( cmdline, require_success=True) filename = newfilename assert os.path.exists(filename), "PDF %s not found" % filename basename = os.path.basename(filename) stem = os.path.splitext(basename)[0] if ocr_lang: suffix = ".hocr.html" converter = self._tesseract converter_extra = {'lang': ocr_lang} parser = self._parse_hocr else: suffix = ".xml" converter = self._pdftohtml converter_extra = {'images': images} parser = self._parse_xml convertedfile = os.sep.join([workdir, stem + suffix]) if keep_xml == "bz2": real_convertedfile = convertedfile + ".bz2" else: real_convertedfile = convertedfile tmpfilename = os.sep.join([workdir, basename]) # copying the filename to the workdir is only needed if we use # PDFReader._pdftohtml if not util.outfile_is_newer([filename], real_convertedfile): util.copy_if_different(filename, tmpfilename) # this is the expensive operation res = converter(tmpfilename, workdir, **converter_extra) if keep_xml == "bz2": with open(convertedfile, mode="rb") as rfp: # BZ2File supports the with statement in py27+, # but we support py2.6 wfp = BZ2File(real_convertedfile, "wb") wfp.write(rfp.read()) wfp.close() os.unlink(convertedfile) else: # keep_xml = True pass if keep_xml == "bz2": # FIXME: explicitly state that encoding is utf-8 (in a # py26 compatible manner fp = BZ2File(real_convertedfile) else: fp = codecs.open(real_convertedfile, encoding="utf-8") res = parser(fp, real_convertedfile) fp.close() if keep_xml == False: os.unlink(convertedfile) return res def _tesseract(self, tmppdffile, workdir, lang): root = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(tmppdffile))[0] # step 1: find the number of pages cmd = "pdfinfo %s" % tmppdffile (returncode, stdout, stderr) = util.runcmd(cmd, require_success=True) m = re.search("Pages:\s+(\d+)", stdout) number_of_pages = int(m.group(1)) self.log.debug("%(root)s.pdf has %(number_of_pages)s pages" % locals()) # step 2: extract the images (should be one per page), 10 # pages at a time (pdfimages flakes out on larger loads) to_int = int for idx, i in enumerate(range(int(number_of_pages / 10) + 1)): frompage = (i * 10) + 1 topage = min((i + 1) * 10, number_of_pages) if frompage > topage: continue cmd = "pdfimages -p -f %(frompage)s -l %(topage)s %(tmppdffile)s %(workdir)s/%(root)s" % locals() self.log.debug("- running "+cmd) (returncode, stdout, stderr) = util.runcmd(cmd, require_success=True) # step 2.1: Combine the recently extracted images and # into a new tif (so that we add 10 # pages at a time to the tif, as imagemagick can # create a number of pretty large files for each page, # so converting 200 images will fill 10 G of your temp # space -- which we'd like to avoid) cmd = "convert %(workdir)s/%(root)s-*.pbm -compress Zip %(workdir)s/%(root)s-tmp%(idx)04d.tif" % locals() self.log.debug("- running " + cmd) (returncode, stdout, stderr) = util.runcmd(cmd, require_success=True) # step 2.2: Remove pbm files now that they're in the .tif for f in glob("%(workdir)s/%(root)s-*.pbm" % locals()): os.unlink(f) # Step 3: Combine all the 10-page tifs into a giant tif using tiffcp cmd = "tiffcp -c zip %(workdir)s/%(root)s-tmp*.tif %(workdir)s/%(root)s.tif" % locals() self.log.debug("- running " + cmd) (returncode, stdout, stderr) = util.runcmd(cmd, require_success=True) # Step 3: OCR the giant tif file to create a .hocr.html file # Note that -psm 1 (automatic page segmentation with # orientation and script detection) requires the installation # of tesseract-ocr-3.01.osd.tar.gz cmd = "tesseract %(workdir)s/%(root)s.tif %(workdir)s/%(root)s.hocr -l %(lang)s -psm 1 hocr" % locals() self.log.debug("running " + cmd) (returncode, stdout, stderr) = util.runcmd(cmd, require_success=True) # Step 5: Cleanup (the main .tif file can stay) os.unlink(tmppdffile) for f in glob("%(workdir)s/%(root)s-tmp*.tif" % locals()): os.unlink(f) def _pdftohtml(self, tmppdffile, workdir, images): root = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(tmppdffile))[0] try: if images: # two pass coding: First use -c (complex) to extract # background pictures, then use -xml to get easy-to-parse # text with bounding boxes. cmd = "pdftohtml -nodrm -c %s" % tmppdffile self.log.debug("Converting: %s" % cmd) (returncode, stdout, stderr) = util.runcmd(cmd, require_success=True) # we won't need the html files, or the blank PNG files for f in os.listdir(workdir): if f.startswith(root) and f.endswith(".html"): os.unlink(workdir + os.sep + f) elif f.startswith(root) and f.endswith(".png"): # this checks the number of unique colors in the # bitmap. If there's only one color, we don't need # the file (returncode, stdout, stderr) = util.runcmd('convert %s -format "%%k" info:' % (workdir + os.sep + f)) if stdout.strip() == "1": os.unlink(workdir + os.sep + f) else: self.log.debug("Keeping non-blank image %s" % f) # Without -fontfullname, all fonts are just reported as # having family="Times"... imgflag = "-i" if not images else "" cmd = "pdftohtml -nodrm -xml -fontfullname %s %s" % (imgflag, tmppdffile) self.log.debug("Converting: %s" % cmd) (returncode, stdout, stderr) = util.runcmd(cmd, require_success=True) # if pdftohtml fails (if it's an old version that doesn't # support the fullfontname flag) it still uses returncode # 0! Only way to know if it failed is to inspect stderr # and look for if the xml file wasn't created. xmlfile = os.path.splitext(tmppdffile)[0] + ".xml" if stderr and not os.path.exists(xmlfile): raise errors.ExternalCommandError(stderr) finally: os.unlink(tmppdffile) assert not os.path.exists(tmppdffile) dims = "bbox (?P<left>\d+) (?P<top>\d+) (?P<right>\d+) (?P<bottom>\d+)" re_dimensions = re.compile(dims).search def _parse_hocr(self, fp, filename): def dimensions(s): m = self.re_dimensions(s) return m.groupdict() tree = etree.parse(fp) for pageelement in tree.findall("//{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}div[@class='ocr_page']"): dim = dimensions(pageelement.get('title')) page = Page(number=int(pageelement.get('id')[5:]), width=int(dim['right']) - int(dim['left']), height=int(dim['bottom']) - int(dim['top']), background=None) pageheight_in_mm = 242 # FIXME: get this from PDF pointsize = 0.352777778 # constant pageheight_in_points = pageheight_in_mm / pointsize px_per_point = page.height / pageheight_in_points # we discard elements at the ocr_carea (content area?) # level, we're only concerned with paragraph-level # elements for boxelement in pageelement.findall(".//{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}span[@class='ocr_line']"): boxdim = dimensions(boxelement.get('title')) textelements = [] for element in boxelement.findall(".//{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}span[@class='ocrx_word']"): dim = dimensions(element.get("title")) t = "".join(element.itertext()) + element.tail if not t.strip(): continue # strip empty things t = t.replace("\n", " ") if element.getchildren(): # probably a <em> or <strong> element tag = {'{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}em': 'i', '{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}strong': 'b'}[element.getchildren()[0].tag] else: tag = None text = Textelement(t, tag=tag, top=int(dim['top']), left=int(dim['left']), width=int(dim['right']) - int(dim['left']), height=int(dim['bottom']) - int(dim['top']), ) textelements.append(text) # Now that we know all text elements that should be in # the Textbox, we can guess the font size. fontspec = {'family': "unknown", 'size': int(round(text.height / px_per_point))} # find any previous definition of this fontspec fontid = None for specid, spec in self.fontspec.items(): if fontspec == spec: fontid = specid # None was found, create a new if not fontid: fontid = str(len(self.fontspec)) # start at 0 self.fontspec[fontid] = fontspec # finally create the box and add all our elements # (should not be more than one?) to it box = Textbox(top=int(boxdim['top']), left=int(boxdim['left']), width=int(boxdim['right']) - int(boxdim['left']), height=int(boxdim['bottom']) - int(boxdim['top']), fontspec=self.fontspec, fontid=fontid) for e in textelements: box.append(e) page.append(box) self.append(page) self.log.debug("PDFReader initialized: %d pages" % (len(self))) def _parse_xml(self, xmlfp, xmlfilename): def txt(element_text): return re.sub(r"[\s\xa0\xc2]+", " ", str(element_text)) self.log.debug("Loading %s" % xmlfilename) try: tree = etree.parse(xmlfp) except etree.XMLSyntaxError as e: self.log.warning("pdftohtml created incorrect markup, trying to fix using BeautifulSoup: %s" % e) xmlfp.seek(0) from bs4 import BeautifulSoup from io import BytesIO soup = BeautifulSoup(xmlfp, "xml") xmlfp = BytesIO(str(soup).encode("utf-8")) tree = etree.parse(xmlfp) self.log.debug("BeautifulSoup workaround successful") # for each page element for pageelement in tree.getroot(): if pageelement.tag == "outline": # FIXME: we want to do something with this information continue page = Page(number=int(pageelement.attrib['number']), # alwaysint? width=int(pageelement.attrib['width']), height=int(pageelement.attrib['height']), background=None) background = "%s%03d.png" % ( os.path.splitext(xmlfilename)[0], page.number) # Reasons this file might not exist: it was blank and # therefore removed, or We're running under RepoTester if os.path.exists(background): page.background = background assert pageelement.tag == "page", "Got <%s>, expected <page>" % page.tag for element in pageelement: if element.tag == 'fontspec': fontid = int(element.attrib['id']) # make sure we always deal with a basic dict (not # lxml.etree._Attrib) where all keys are str # object (not bytes) fspec = dict([(k,str(v)) for k,v in element.attrib.items()]) # then make it more usable fspec['size'] = int(fspec['size']) if "+" in fspec['family']: fspec['family'] = fspec['family'].split("+",1)[1] self.fontspec[fontid] = fspec elif element.tag == 'text': # eliminate "empty" textboxes if element.text and txt(element.text).strip() == "" and not element.getchildren(): # print "Skipping empty box" continue attribs = dict(element.attrib) # all textboxes share the same fontspec dict attribs['fontspec'] = self.fontspec attribs['fontid'] = int(attribs['font']) del attribs['font'] b = Textbox(**attribs) if element.text and element.text.strip(): b.append(Textelement(txt(element.text), tag=None)) # The below loop could be done recursively to # support arbitrarily deep nesting (if we change # Textelement to be a non-unicode derived type), # but pdftohtml should not create such XML (there # is no such data in the PDF file) for child in element: grandchildren = child.getchildren() # special handling of the <i><b> construct if grandchildren != []: if child.text: b.append(Textelement(txt(child.text), tag=child.tag)) b.append(Textelement( txt(" ".join([x.text for x in grandchildren])), tag="ib")) if child.tail: b.append(Textelement(txt(child.tail), tag=None)) else: b.append( Textelement(txt(child.text), tag=child.tag)) if child.tail: b.append(Textelement(txt(child.tail), tag=None)) if element.tail and element.tail.strip(): # can this happen? b.append(Textelement(txt(element.tail), tag=None)) page.append(b) # done reading the page self.append(page) self.log.debug("PDFReader initialized: %d pages, %d fontspecs" % (len(self), len(self.fontspec))) ################################################################ # Properties and methods relating to the initialized PDFReader # object tagname = "div" classname = "pdfreader"
[docs] def is_empty(self): return 0 == sum([len(x) for x in self])
[docs] def textboxes(self, gluefunc=None, pageobjects=False, keepempty=False): """Return an iterator of the textboxes available. ``gluefunc`` should be a callable that is called with (textbox, nextbox, prevbox), and returns True iff nextbox should be appended to textbox. If ``pageobjects``, the iterator can return Page objects to signal that pagebreak has ocurred (these Page objects may or may not have Textbox elements). If ``keepempty``, process and return textboxes that have no text content (these are filtered out by default) """ textbox = None prevbox = None if gluefunc: glue = gluefunc else: glue = self._default_glue for page in self: if pageobjects: yield page for nextbox in page: if not (keepempty or str(nextbox).strip()): continue if not textbox: # MUST glue textbox = nextbox else: if glue(textbox, nextbox, prevbox): # can't modify textbox in place -- this messes # things up if we want/need to run textboxes() # twice. Must create a new one. # textbox += nextbox textbox = textbox + nextbox else: yield textbox textbox = nextbox prevbox = nextbox if textbox: yield textbox textbox = None
[docs] def median_box_width(self, threshold=0): """Returns the median box width of all pages.""" boxwidths = [] for page in self: for box in page: if box.right - box.left < threshold: continue # print "Box width: %d" % (box.right-box.left) boxwidths.append(box.right - box.left) boxwidths.sort() return boxwidths[int(len(boxwidths) / 2)]
@staticmethod def _default_glue(textbox, nextbox, prevbox): def basefamily(family): return family.replace("-", "").replace("Bold", "").replace("Italic", "") # default logic: if lines are next to each other # horizontally, line up vertically, and have the same # font, then they should be glued linespacing = 1.5 # a = str(textbox) # b = str(nextbox) # c = textbox.font.family == nextbox.font.family and textbox.font.size == nextbox.font.size # d = textbox.top < nextbox.top # e1 = textbox.bottom + (prevbox.height * linespacing) - prevbox.height # e2 = nextbox.top # e = e1 >= e2 # f = textbox.font.family # g = nextbox.font.family # Accept font families that are almost equal (only differ by a # "Bold" or "Italic" in one but not the other). Otherwise # common constructs like: # # <b>Lead text</b>: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur # adipiscing elit. Donec suscipit nulla ut lorem dapibus. # # wont be considered the same textbox. if (basefamily(textbox.font.family) == basefamily(nextbox.font.family) and textbox.font.size == nextbox.font.size and textbox.left == nextbox.left and textbox.top < nextbox.top and textbox.bottom + (prevbox.height * linespacing) - prevbox.height >= nextbox.top): return True
[docs]class Page(CompoundElement, OrdinalElement): """Represents a Page in a PDF file. Has *width* and *height* properties.""" tagname = "div" classname = "pdfpage" margins = None @property def id(self): # FIXME: this will only work for documents consisting of a # single PDF file, not multiple (see # pdfdocumentrepository.create_external_resources to # understand why) return "page%03d" % self.number # text: can be string, re obj or callable (gets called with the box obj) # fontsize: can be int or callable # fontname: can be string or callable # top,left,bottom,right
[docs] def boundingbox(self, top=0, left=0, bottom=None, right=None): """A generator of :py:class:`ferenda.pdfreader.Textbox` objects that fit into the bounding box specified by the parameters. """ if not bottom: bottom = self.height if not right: right = self.width for box in self: if (box.top >= top and box.left >= left and box.bottom <= bottom and box.right <= right): # print " SUCCESS" yield box
# else: # print " FAIL"
[docs] def crop(self, top=0, left=0, bottom=None, right=None): """Removes any :py:class:`ferenda.pdfreader.Textbox` objects that does not fit within the bounding box specified by the parameters.""" # Crop any text box that sticks out # Actually if top and left != 0, we need to adjust them newboxes = [] for box in self.boundingbox(top, left, bottom, right): box.top = box.top - top box.left = box.left - left box.right = box.right - right box.bottom = box.bottom - bottom newboxes.append(box) self[:] = [] self.extend(newboxes) self.width = right - left self.height = bottom - top # Then crop the background images... somehow if os.path.exists(self.background): cmdline = "convert %s -crop %dx%d+%d+%d +repage %s" % (self.background, self.width, self.height, left, top, self.background + ".new") # print "Running %s" % cmdline (returncode, stdout, stderr) = util.runcmd(cmdline, require_success=True) util.replace_if_different( "%s.new" % self.background, self.background)
def __str__(self): textexcerpt = " ".join([str(x) for x in self]) return "Page %d (%d x %d): '%s...'" % (self.number, self.width, self.height, str(textexcerpt[:40])) def __repr__(self): return '<%s %d (%dx%d): %d textboxes>' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.number, self.width, self.height, len(self))
[docs]class Textbox(CompoundElement): """A textbox is a amount of text on a PDF page, with *top*, *left*, *width* and *height* properties that specifies the bounding box of the text. The *fontid* property specifies the id of font used (use :py:meth:`~ferenda.pdfreader.Textbox.getfont` to get a dict of all font properties). A textbox consists of a list of Textelements which may differ in basic formatting (bold and or italics), but otherwise all text in a Textbox has the same font and size. """ tagname = "p" classname = "textbox" def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): assert 'top' in kwargs, "top attribute missing" assert 'left' in kwargs, "left attribute missing" assert 'width' in kwargs, "width attribute missing" assert 'height' in kwargs, "height attribute missing" assert 'fontid' in kwargs, "font id attribute missing" self.top = int(kwargs['top']) self.left = int(kwargs['left']) self.width = int(kwargs['width']) self.height = int(kwargs['height']) self.right = self.left + self.width self.bottom = self.top + self.height # self._fontspecid = kwargs['fontid'] self.fontid = kwargs['fontid'] or 0 if 'fontspec' in kwargs: self._fontspec = kwargs['fontspec'] del kwargs['fontspec'] else: self._fontspec = {} del kwargs['top'] del kwargs['left'] del kwargs['width'] del kwargs['height'] del kwargs['fontid'] super(Textbox, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs) def __str__(self): return "".join(self) def __repr__(self): # <Textbox 30x18+278+257 "5.1"> # <Textbox 430x14+287+315 "Regeringens förslag: Nä[...]g ska "> s = str(self) if len(s) > 40: s = s[:25] + "[...]" + s[-10:] if six.PY2: # s = repr(s) s = s.encode('ascii', 'replace') if self.font: fontinfo = "%s@%s " % (self.font.family, self.font.size) else: fontinfo = "" return '<%s %sx%s+%s+%s %s"%s">' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.width, self.height, self.left, self.top, fontinfo, s) def __add__(self, other): # expand dimensions top = min(self.top, other.top) left = min(self.left, other.left) width = max(self.left + self.width, other.left + other.width) - left height = max(self.top + self.height, other.top + other.height) - top res = Textbox(top=top, left=left, width=width, height=height, fontid=self.fontid, fontspec=self._fontspec) # add all TextElement objects, concatenating adjacent TE:s if # their tags match c = Textelement(tag=self[0].tag) for e in itertools.chain(self, other): if e.tag != c.tag: if c: res.append(c) res.append(e) c = Textelement(tag=e.tag) else: c = c + e # it MIGHT be the case that we need to merge c with the last # Textelement added to res iff their tags match if res and c.tag == res[-1].tag: res[-1] = res[-1] + c else: res.append(c) return res def __iadd__(self, other): if len(self): c = self.pop() else: c = Textelement(tag=None) for e in other: if e.tag != c.tag: if c: self.append(c) self.append(e) c = Textelement(tag=e.tag) # c = e else: c = c + e self.append(c) self.top = min(self.top, other.top) self.left = min(self.left, other.left) self.width = max(self.left + self.width, other.left + other.width) - self.left self.height = max(self.top + self.height, other.top + other.height) - self.top return self
[docs] def as_xhtml(self, uri, parent_uri=None): element = super(Textbox, self).as_xhtml(uri, parent_uri) # FIXME: we should output these positioned style attributes # only when the resulting document is being serialized in a # positioned fashion. Possibly do some translation from PDF # points (which is what self.top, .left etc is using) and # pixels (which is what the CSS uses) element.set('style', 'top: %spx, left: %spx, height: %spx, width: %spx' % (self.top, self.left, self.height, self.width)) return element
@property def font(self): if self.fontid is not None: return LayeredConfig(Defaults(self._fontspec[self.fontid])) else: return LayeredConfig(Defaults({}))
# this doesnt work that well with the default __setattribute__ # implementation of this class' superclass. # # @font.setter # def font(self, value): # for fontspecid, fontspec in self._fontspec.items(): # if value == fontspecid: # self.font = fontspecid # if self.font is None: # .font might have the valid value 0 # self.font = str(len(self._fontspecid)) # start at 0 # self._fontspec[self.font] = value # #
[docs]class Textelement(UnicodeElement): """Represent a single part of text where each letter has the exact same formatting. The ``tag`` property specifies whether the text as a whole is bold (``'b'``) , italic(``'i'`` bold + italic (``'bi'``) or regular (``None``). """ def _get_tagname(self): if self.tag: return self.tag else: return "span"
[docs] def as_xhtml(self, uri, parent_uri=None): if self.tag in ("ib", "bi"): return E(self.tag[0], {}, E(self.tag[1], {}, str(self))) else: return super(Textelement, self).as_xhtml(uri, parent_uri)
tagname = property(_get_tagname) def __add__(self, other): return Textelement(str(self) + str(other), tag = self.tag)